The study of vortex ring dynamics centres on understanding the formation, evolution and decay of toroidal vortices generated by pulsed fluid jets. These phenomena are crucial in a wide range of ...

Air rings blown by dolphins swimming underwater and rings of smoke emitted by jet engines are just two examples of vortex rings. These doughnut-shaped structures and their mesmerizing movement have ...

Mechanical heart valves are vital in restoring cardiac function in patients with valvular disease, and their performance is intimately linked to fluid dynamic phenomena. In these devices, complex flow ...